Need For Clarity Research Articles

From art to health action: lessons from a community-based, culturally tailored arts-meets-health educational campaign in Hispanic communities

IntroductionRobust digital and community-led approaches are needed to combat health misinformation, as highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Such gaps in public health outreach, compounded by systemic health barriers, contributed to higher rates of COVID-19 infection, mortality, and mental health effects among Hispanics during the peak of the pandemic. Thus, we conducted a community-based art-meets-health intervention [Stay Connected Los Angeles (SCLA)] to address the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hispanic communities.MethodsLed by local artists in collaboration with public health specialists and community members, SCLA used multimedia to promote infection mitigation behaviors and psychological well-being among the 120,000 residents of Eastern Los Angeles. Campaign materials were designed with input from community representatives and included digital media, large-scale murals, and comic-book style pieces. Two semi-structured focus groups (one in English and another in Spanish) were conducted to solicit participants’ views on attributes of the campaign. Independent coders analyzed transcripts and applied thematic analysis to summarize key learnings regarding central health and mitigation messages, media modalities, how health information would be communicated, and the ideal spokespersons for delivering health-related messages.ResultsFocus group participants emphasized the effectiveness of social media, GIFs, and references to popular media. Further, youth involvement in the creative process was deemed to be important. Participants highlighted the need for clarity in public health messaging and adaptation of visual campaigns to the preferences of diverse age groups through different art styles. Finally, community leaders were found to be critical health information sources.DiscussionAs a model of a culturally tailored arts-meets health public education campaign, SCLA yielded valuable information on how to structure future public health messaging and media to create a meaningful improvement in health knowledge, mental well-being, and compliance with mitigation behaviors in communities that are often overlooked. Contributions from local artists can heighten appeal and acceptability of messages.

Vom Chaos zur Klarheit. Die Neuordnung der Apfel TCP Gen-Benennung

Apple Proliferation (AP) is a widespread disease affecting apple orchards throughout Europe, including South Tyrol.The disease is associated with a phytoplasma, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' ('Ca. P. mali'), which manipulates the plant's physiological processes through the secretion of small peptides called effectors. One well-studied phytoplasma effector is SAP11, which targets Teosinte Branched 1/Cycloidea/Proliferating Cell Factor 1 (TCP) genes in multiple plant species, including apple. TCP genes encode plant-specific transcription factors involved in various biological processes, such as growth, development, and responses to stimuli. The identification and naming of TCP genes have been inconsistent, leading to confusion and redundancy in sequence databases. In apple, 52 TCP genes (MdTCP) were identified in 2014 on the 2010 assembly of the apple genome, which is now considered outdated. To address this issue, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to identify and name TCP genes in apple using the high-quality genome assembly, GDDH13v1.1. Existing TCP sequences were aligned with the genome excluding redundant, fragmented, and non-TCP sequences. The revised set comprised 40 unique MdTCPs, including three novel genes. To establish a standardised nomenclature, each MdTCP was BLASTedagainst the Arabidopsis thaliana gene database, in order to identify the best hits for each MdTCP. The MdTCP genes were then renamed, incorporating the letter "a" or "b" to differentiate between MdTCPs showing homology to the same AtTCP, and also between the existing and proposed nomenclatures. The present study highlights the need for clarity and organisation in sequence databases, especially in respect of TCP genes. The presence of redundant and fragmented sequences in databases complicates accurate identification and annotation of genes. By providing a comprehensive and standardised nomenclature system, we aim to enhance the coherence and interoperability of future TCP gene research in plant and crop science. In our view, this work will serve as a valuable resource for researchers studying TCP genes in apple and will provide insights into the evolutionary dynamics and functional roles of TCP genes in plants.

Production digital twin: a systematic literature review of challenges

ABSTRACT The manufacturing industry is entering the fourth industrial revolution, which aims to shift the manufacturing paradigm to data-driven smart manufacturing. Many barriers still limit the adoption of this new revolution, although enabling technologies such as a digital twin (DT) have the potential to overcome them. Since the appearance of the digital twin technology, this has led to a significant increase in academic publications and industrial applications. However, significant challenges facing the implementation of this technology stem from the emergent field stage, a need for more comprehensive information, and a need for clarity and consistency in definitions and concepts. This review identifies and categorizes the potential digital twin challenges and provides a novel conceptual framework that structures them and links them to the principal digital twin components, along with an example that elucidates the proposed framework’s utilization. The emerging relationships unveil interesting insights into the current status and future research requirements.

Continuous combined oral contraceptive use versus vitamin E in the treatment of menstrual migraine: rationale and protocol of a randomized controlled trial (WHAT!)

BackgroundCurrently, there is no evidence-based hormonal treatment for migraine in women. Several small studies suggest a beneficial effect of combined oral contraceptives, but no large randomized controlled trial has been performed. As proof of efficacy is lacking and usage may be accompanied by potentially severe side effects, there is a great need for clarity on this topic.MethodsWomen with menstrual migraine (n = 180) are randomly assigned (1:1) to ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel 30/150 μg or vitamin E 400 IU. Participants start with a baseline period of 4 weeks, which is followed by a 12-week treatment period. During the study period, a E-headache diary will be used, which is time-locked and includes an automated algorithm differentiating headache and migraine days.ResultsThe primary outcome will be change in monthly migraine days (MMD) from baseline (weeks − 4 to 0) to the last 4 weeks of treatment (weeks 9 to 12). Secondary outcomes will be change in monthly headache days (MHD) and 50% responder rates of MMD and MHD.ConclusionsThe WHAT! trial aims to investigate effectivity and safety of continuous combined oral contraceptive treatment for menstrual migraine. Immediate implementation of results in clinical practice is possible.Trial registrationClinical trials.gov NCT04007874. Registered 28 June 2019.

Interdisciplinary insights into navigating the maze of landscape multifunctionality

Abstract Increasing demands for land to deliver multiple and sometimes conflicting services to people and nature have led to the development of an extensive body of research focussed on multifunctional landscapes. However, this has created both insight and confusion, as authors from a variety of disciplines have independently tackled the question of how to manage the trade‐offs and synergies inherent in landscapes that are required to produce multiple functions and services. We employed an interdisciplinary perspective to formulate some key questions that researchers of multifunctional landscapes can use to identify blind spots. Our process resulted in a question‐based analysis support scheme that supports reflection and recursive thinking about multifunctional landscapes, beginning with objective setting and visions for addressing it, grounded in baseline mapping, then assessing landscape functions and their single and multiple interactions; as well as the analysis of sensitivity to spatial and temporal dimensions. Other key points identified are the need for clarity and examination of unstated assumptions, from aims to definitions; accounting for scale; incorporating stakeholder needs throughout the process and applying suitable methods of measurement and aggregation. The focus on asking guided questions derives from the insight that there is no universal correct approach to multifunctional landscapes; the aim should instead be to find the most appropriate methods for the given circumstances and goals. Policy implications. Tackling current and future socio‐ecological challenges is an interdisciplinary undertaking, necessitating collaborative efforts between research fields that each bring valuable and distinct insights. To effectively combat these challenges, multifunctional landscapes require a clear process and focused objective in their implementation. Multifunctionality should be seen as a means to an end, rather than an end in itself. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Uptake of community health care provision by community health entrepreneurs for febrile illness and diarrhoea: a cross-sectional survey in rural communities in Bunyangabu district, Uganda

ObjectiveTo assess the uptake of services provided by community health workers who were trained as community health entrepreneurs (CHEs) for febrile illness and diarrhoea.DesignA cross-sectional survey among households combined with...

Harmonizing Arbitration: Clarity, Consistency, and Consent in the Application of Ex Aequo Et Bono

This article delves into the intricate dynamics surrounding the application of the ex aequo et bono principle in arbitration, addressing concerns arising from potential procedural challenges and deviations from justice principles amid the escalating popularity of arbitration. The study intricately navigates the legal complexities of this principle, centering on the interpretation of Article 56 of Law 30/1999. Specifically, it scrutinizes whether the article mandates parties' consent for the arbitrator to decide based on ex aequo et bono. Employing a normative legal research approach and utilizing legal hermeneutics with a structuralist focus, the research analyzes the interplay of written agreements, tacit understandings, and standard practices in arbitration. The article underscores the critical role of precise protocols and unequivocal agreements in safeguarding the integrity and effectiveness of the arbitration process. It highlights the paramount need for clarity and consistency in legal provisions, advocating for collaborative efforts between legal authorities and arbitration institutions. This collaboration is essential for aligning statutory provisions and arbitration rules, ultimately fortifying a robust and dependable framework for the equitable resolution of conflicts. In conclusion, the article calls for a harmonized approach to address inconsistencies, enhance the legitimacy of arbitration decisions, and foster trust in the arbitration process. By exploring these challenges, the article contributes to the ongoing discourse of optimizing arbitration as a fair and efficient means of resolving international disputes.

The Influence of Psychosocial Factors on Patients Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries greatly impact patients in terms of future performance, reduced physical activity and athletic participation, and overall economic burden. Decades of research have investigated how to improve ACL reconstruction (ACLR) outcomes. Recently, there has been growing interest to understand the effects of psychosocial factors on patient outcomes. Clinical review. A search of the PubMed database was performed in March 2023. Articles were reviewed by at least 2 authors to determine relevance. We highlighted publications of the past 5 years while incorporating previous pertinent studies. Level 5. There is no standardization of psychosocial factors regarding ACLR. As such, there is a lack of consensus regarding which psychosocial measures to use and when. There is a need for clarification of the complex relationship between psychosocial factors and physical function. Despite this, psychosocial factors have the potential to help predict patients who are more likely to return to sport: (1) desire/motivation to return; (2) lower levels of kinesiophobia; (3) higher levels of self-efficacy, confidence, and subjective knee function; (4) risk acceptance; and (5) social support. However, there are no standardized interventions to improve psychosocial factors after ACLR. Psychosocial factors affect outcomes after ACLR. However, the interplay between psychosocial factors and physical function is complex. There is emerging evidence that testing and interventions may improve ACLR outcomes. There is a lack of standardized interventions to determine or improve psychosocial factors after ACLR. Further research is needed to identify psychosocial factors and to develop standardized interventions for clinicians to implement to improve clinical outcomes.

2027 Protein consumption and determinants in community dwelling older adults: National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) years 9-11

Abstract Introduction Reference nutrient intake for protein amongst the general population is 0.75 grammes of protein per kilogram of body weight per day (g/kg BW/d). Expert groups recommend healthy adults over 65years have 1.0-1.2g/kg BW/d to support good health and maintain functionality (Deutz, Bauer and Barrazoni, Clinical Nutrition, 33(6):929-36). A recent paper suggested age specific recommendations of 1.2g/kg BW/d (Dorrington, Fallaize and Hobbs, Journal of Nutrition, 150(9):2245-2256). This study aimed to quantify percentage of community dwelling older adults meeting recommendations for protein intake and explore factors associated with low consumption. Methods The study population comprised >65s completing the NDNS survey years 9-11 (2016-2019). Dietary intake was recorded in food diaries. Protein consumption was calculated as grammes per kilogram adjusted body weight per day (g/kg aBW/d). Adjustment made for body mass index (BMI) below 22kg/m2 and above 27kg/m2. Percentage of participants meeting protein recommendations for 0.75, 1.0 and 1.2g/kg BW/d was calculated. Chi-squared test for independence was utilised to determine association between social, health and lifestyle factors and low protein intake. Results Data from 385 participants were included; 43% male, 98% white. Mean protein intake was 0.98g/kg aBW/d (SD ±0.25). Prevalence of protein intake below 0.75g/kg aBW/d was 16.4% (n=63), below 1.0g/kg aBW/d was 52.2% (n=201) and below 1.2g/kg aBW/d 82.1% (n=316). Current and ex-regular smoking was associated with protein intake <1g/kg aBW/d (p=0.01). No other analysis reached statistical significance although prevalence of low protein intake was higher in those without their own teeth (p=0.08), use of dentures (p=0.14) and BMI of 27-30kg/m2 (p=0.09). Conclusion A large percentage of older adults are below expert recommendations for protein intake. There is a need for clarity over recommendations so that a clear public message can be given to optimise health and function in ageing. Factors influencing poor protein intake require further examination.

Knowledge and Attitude towards Post-mortem Examination amongst the Residents of Imphal West

A postmortem examination is still under an umbrella of misconceptions, myths, and emotions amongst thepeople as well as physicians. The knowledge and attitude of the general public towards medicolegal postmortem examination have not been investigated thoroughly. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude towards postmortem examination amongst the residents of Imphal West. A total of 450 participants were approached and analyzed. It was observed that 41% of the participants had adequate knowledge about the medicolegal postmortem examinations. Further, 11 % of the participants had negative attitude towards the postmortem procedure. Despite having an important role in the machinery of justice, the knowledge andattitude of the general public towards autopsy is still poor. From the findings of our study, it is evident thatmyths, misconceptions and lack of awareness still exist in the minds of people about postmortem examinations.There is a need for clarification about the essence of postmortem examination, which is an important tool in the administration of justice.

Key considerations for developing an equitable faculty teaching workload

PurposeFaculty teaching workload has become a focus for many academic institutions given the increasing amount of faculty burnout and need for equitable distribution of effort. Many gaps exist in faculty workload guidance which contribute to decreased faculty productivity, lack of appropriate recognition, faculty burnout, and subsequently, retention of faculty. A task force was created to develop teaching workload guidance and to outline minimum teaching expectations at our school of pharmacy. DescriptionThis manuscript highlights the need for clarity around the definition of roles of the contemporary educator and considerations when developing guidance around teaching workload expectations using the “What? So What? Now What?” reflection framework. Analysis/interpretationTeaching workload guidance first starts with establishing a definition of the contemporary roles of the educator. Challenges, considerations, and eight next steps are outlined that are critical to address before equitable teaching workload guidance is established. ConclusionsTeaching workload guidance should include transparency, clarity, credit, norms, context, and accountability. Additionally, solutions created to address the gaps in workload policies should be data driven. ImplicationsThe current traditional system of evaluating faculty workload has many gaps due to forces driving change in pharmacy education. Roles of the pharmacy educator should be valued and recognized across all mission centric learning programs.

Communication and coordination of care for people living with HIV: a qualitative study of the patient perspective

BackgroundThere is growing consensus that primary health care (PHC) providers have an important role in providing holistic, preventative care for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). In regional Australia, HIV care is primarily delivered through specialist services, thus adequate coordination and communication between specialist and PHC professionals is crucial. This study aimed to explore patient experiences of the coordination of care and health care professional communication for PLHIV in regional Australia.MethodsSemi-structured interviews with PLHIV in a regional area of Australia were conducted in March to April 2022. Interviews were conducted via video conferencing, face-to-face, or via telephone call. Interviews were audio-recorded and manually transcribed. Transcripts were coded inductively and thematic analysis was conducted to explore perspectives on communication and coordination.ResultsThirteen participants were interviewed. Most participants were male, aged 50–70, were diagnosed with HIV more than ten years ago, and had been living in regional Australia long-term. Through qualitative analysis, themes emerged in the following areas: (1) Patient perception of care coordination; (2) Patient understanding of modality of communication; (3) Positive attitudes towards communication between healthcare professionals; and (4) Concerns for information sharing between healthcare professionals. Many participants highlighted lack of clarity around care coordination as a key issue in their healthcare, with some citing themselves as the primary care coordinator. Participants identified that coordination and communication between PHC professionals and specialist services are essential in the delivery of their health care, but some were hesitant for this to occur. Hesitancy was entrenched in some patients’ distrust of healthcare due to previous experiences of confidentiality breaches and stigma.ConclusionThis study identifies the need for clarity in coordination between health care professionals to deliver safe and effective HIV care, which may occur through care plans. Patient support for communication between healthcare providers may be strengthened by ensuring trust in the people and systems involved. Eliminating stigma in healthcare as well as building more trustworthy electronic-based communication technologies are essential components to trust-building between PLHIV and healthcare systems.

Higher education internationalisation policy and home student populations

ABSTRACT Policies on internationalisation exist in Higher Education around the world, but no literature is currently available which draws together scholarly responses to these policies. This study reviews responses to internationalisation policy for ‘Home’ students (as opposed to international students) in Higher Education Institutions globally. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify internationalisation policy responses which focused on practice impacting specifically on ‘Home’ students. Eighteen peer reviewed sources were selected for analysis. Key themes were purpose, collaboration, implementation and defining success. Conclusions centred around the need for clarity in policy objectives, means of measuring policy success, and the risks of perpetuating dominant paradigms of inequality. Recommendations for policymakers are for clarity in the purposes of internationalisation, for alignment between national and institutional policies and student experience, and for policy outcomes to be measurable.

Views of medically responsible nurses and managers of care homes for older adults on communication of information on Covid-19: a case study in Greater Stockholm

This study explored the views of medically responsible nurses and managers of care homes for older adults in Greater Stockholm on communication of information during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. Study participants consisted of managers of care homes for older adults (n=10) and medically responsible nurses (n=4). Semi-structured interviews were conducted between 5th and 30th November 2020. Data were analysed thematically. Findings show that both medically responsible nurses and managers of care homes experienced the information from different authorities during the first wave of the pandemic to be inconsistent and uncoordinated, which caused stress particularly among the managers. Some managers expressed that they would have wanted more assistance from the medically responsible nurse. Some managers created their own support networks to share ideas and resources. The medically responsible nurses also reported being overwhelmed by information, and that they tried to condense it and only disseminate relevant parts to the care home managers. The role of medically responsible nurses in the municipality varied locally. Some had a more managerial role within the municipal leadership, while others also to some extent worked hands-on and frequently visited local care homes. Before the pandemic their contact with care home managers was not very frequent, and for some the relationship was worsened during the first phase of the pandemic. Yet, in some cases the medically responsible nurse successfully acted as an important player linking information, guidelines and data share between authorities and care homes. In conclusion, this study suggests that there is a need for clarification of the roles and responsibilities of the different actors in the health and social care of older adults in Sweden including the role of medically responsible nurses. The findings of this study also stress that information from authorities needs to be adapted to those targeted.

Development and adaptation of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire for adolescents.

The ability to effectively regulate one's emotions is important for adolescent mental health. However, extant assessments of how adolescents regulate their emotions can be expanded upon in several ways, including incorporating more strategies (e.g., cultural and spiritual) and positive emotions, and being informed by adolescents and expert consultation during the development process. Thus, our study aimed to improve the construct validity of an emotion regulation measure by adapting and refining the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ) into an adolescent self-report. We recruited 2413-17-year-olds (12 males; 11 females; 1 gender fluid) via social media advertisement in the United States in 2020. We used an iterative qualitative approach in which we combined expert consultation, cognitive interviewing with adolescents, and top-down and bottom-up coding to review and provide feedback on the ERSQ. Findings of thematic analysis showed that a need for clarity in wording and inclusion of strategy examples across all sections of the ERSQ was needed. Adolescents also identified the need to replace the Silly/Excited section with a more age-appropriate positive emotion section. Findings indicate cognitive interviewing can be successfully completed in a virtual format when necessary, youth utilize a wider range of strategies to maintain or upregulate positive emotions than what is represented in current measures, and use of qualitative methods may have reduced construct underrepresentation and construct-irrelevant variance in the adapted ERSQ.

HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF COMMUNITY-LIVING OLDER ADULTS RELATES TO AWARENESS OF COMMUNITY SERVICES

Abstract Research has shown that older adults desire to age in their homes. To age at home safely and comfortably, there are a variety and number of community support services available, however, previous studies show older adults do not utilize these services fully. There is a need for clarity about this gap between availability and use. Understanding the construct of health-seeking behaviour by community-living older adults may provide insights into this identified gap. Therefore, the objective was to determine whether health-seeking behaviour in community-living older adults is related to: dimensions of wellness; awareness of community support services; living as an older man or woman; or being younger or older than 75 years. A cross-sectional study design involving 99 community-living older adults (≥ 65 years, without impaired executive function) employed validated outcome measures of physical function, fear of falling, personal resilience, social well-being, spiritual well-being, awareness of community support services, and health-seeking behaviour. Relationships were calculated using multiple linear regression. Health-seeking behaviour was positively correlated (R= 0.40, p<.01) with awareness of community support services. Health-seeking behaviour was not correlated with dimensions of wellness (i.e., physical function, fall risk, personal resilience, spiritual wellbeing, or social wellbeing). No difference between age groups (U=986.5, n1=68, n2=31, p=0.61) nor sex (U=931.5, n1=66, n2=33, p=0.24) was found for health-seeking behaviour. The findings indicate that awareness of community support services positively influenced health-seeking behaviour. The healthcare system should ensure equitable, accessible, age-friendly, and relevant information and distribution strategies to increase awareness of older adults for local supportive services.

Engaging science teachers virtually in dialogical collaborative action research to improve science teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT In response to the COVID-19 pandemic teachers were suddenly required to teach online with little time to prepare and little training in how to do so. This case study investigated an intervention to support science teachers as they sought to engage students online in inquiry, discussion, and argumentation through their participation in a virtual community of practice (CoP). The purpose was to uncover new knowledge about facilitation of the group, and how the 10 high school science teachers participated in it. Data sources included the authors’ meeting notes and reflective conversations, audio recordings of the group meetings, and teachers’ products. Findings included uncovering aspects of the facilitation process that led to a successful online CoP, factors related to developing trust among its members, and methods to deal with tensions within the group. The tensions arose from evolving differences about the group's goals, the need for clarity about implicit power structures, and the separation between teachers’ workplaces and the university. The study also demonstrated how in an online CoP, all its members can take on roles of experts, novices, and learners. Although the study was conducted during the pandemic, the findings are relevant to facilitating online or face-to-face teacher meetings.

Problems of the Logotherapeutic Terminological System Formation (A Linguistic Aspect)

This article considers the formation and arrangement of the logotherapeutic terminological system. The latter developed after Viktor Frankl had introduced his logotherapy, a psychotherapeutic approach that revolves around the search for meaning; however, since that time, the advance of psychology and logotherapy has been accompanied by the emergence of many new terms and the growing need for clarification of some of the already established concepts. Now, it is getting increasingly important to create a more complete system of logotherapeutic terms that would be in line with the modern logotherapeutic idea of a human, as well as with the phenomena defining our personality from multiple angles and the world in general. Here, based on two logotherapeutic glossaries (one in Russian from A.I. Averyanov’s “Logotherapy and Existential Analysis: A Theory of Personality”, the other in English from M.H. Lewis’ “Logotherapy and Existential Analysis: A Glossary of English Terms”), the above need was justified. It was concluded that such a system should be structured as a glossary with regard to certain aspects (the presence of closed lexical groups, high-frequency words, and consistency of descriptions in all entries). Some problems and difficulties that arise at the macrostructural (including or ignoring items in the glossary without a clear reason, violating the alphabetical order, and spelling errors) and microstructural (in relation to defining the components of an entry) levels of the future glossary of logotherapeutic terms were identified and analyzed.

GENERIC COMPETENCES OF THE PhD STUDENTS IN THE VIEW OF MODERN STUDIES

The article deals with the modern approaches of national and foreign researchers to the identification of important generic competences in the preparation of Doctor of Philosophy degree students. In modern society, the role of science is constantly growing. Science becomes a peculiar identifier of the society development, a guarantor of its sustainable progress, and a driving force of rapid changes in all spheres of human activity. Due to science, the world is changing rapidly, and with it, the demands to the specialists are also altering. The problem of determining important competences that employees need to master has become one of the most urgent not only for educators, but also for employers, businessmen, and politicians. It is well known that the competences that are part of the generic competences are interconnected, over time they may lose their significance or, on the contrary, become more relevant. The rapid development of modern society requires the identification of new important knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for a highly qualified specialist, and the constant analysis of the structure of generic competences, including the one in the context of their significance and relevance. The problem of identification and development of important competences that future PhD students need to master during their studies in an educational and scientific program is one of the most urgent not only for educators, but also for society as a whole. The development of transversal competences gives the future scientist universality and opens up opportunities for the implementation of their projects both in the academic and non-academic spheres, and enables complete realization in public, political, economic and personal life. The analysis of modern scientific literature proved that the issue of training doctors of philosophy in the context of developing the structure of the generic competences, has been given considerable attention in the modern scientific space by national and foreign scientists. The scientific results under the review, regarding the central vector of our research, convinced us of the presence of different approaches to the determination of the studied competences. Scientists have presented clusters of such competences that differ in number and structure. It has been established that when determining the relevant competences in the context of the preparation of candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, researchers do not always use the names of competences for skills outlined in the List of general competences, based on the results of the Tuning project, which is recommended for use in the development of educational programs. As a result of it, there is a need for clarification of the semantic meaning of definitions and constructs chosen by scientists to outline the most significant competences in the training of students of the third educational and scientific level. Summarizing the presented approaches of scientists, we note that researchers most often emphasize the need to develop independence, the capacity to generate new ideas, skills in the use of information and communication technologies, the ability to communicate both orally and in writing in the native language, initiativity, the ability to work autonomously, and professional mobility. It has been found out that the competences which draw the attention of modern researchers as the most important ones are not in a state of contradiction with each other and do not exclude each other, but they can be considered as complementing each other, or even depending on each other. For example, academic mobility cannot be considered separately from the availability of knowledge and understanding of the subject area, understanding of the profession, the ability to apply knowledge in practical situations, skills in using information and communication technologies, the ability to conduct research at an appropriate level, the ability to be adapted and act properly in a new situation, the ability to work in an international context, etc.

Enhancing Symptom Management and Coordination of Breast Cancer Care at Secondary Hospitals in Saudi Arabia

The passage highlights the complexity of integrated breast cancer care and the importance of effective communication in ensuring treatment compliance, reducing errors and complications, and managing co-morbidities. It emphasizes the need for clarity in the role of the care director to prevent patients from getting lost across different departments. Digital tools are recognized as valuable resources for improving care communication, but their directives and integration within the care team need to be clearly defined. Multidisciplinary team meetings are essential for driving care planning, establishing directives, and collecting structured data. Nurse navigators play a pivotal role in ensuring care continuity and assuming the director's role in the complex landscape of breast cancer care. While AI-driven planning can facilitate their tasks, human intervention remains crucial for providing psychosocial support and addressing unexpected urgencies. The allocation of patients across different healthcare centers is often managed manually and through phone communication, resulting in time-consuming processes and discontinuous system solutions. Privacy rules and competition among providers further limit the effectiveness of current solutions. Additionally, the collection of comprehensive outcome information is currently limited to specific collaborative networks. To address these challenges, AI tools can play a role in facilitating care allocation and predicting risks by leveraging data continuity over time. This can help identify non-compliance issues caused by factors such as limited local resources, distance, and costs. However, it is essential to conduct applied research to bring AI modeling into clinical practice and promote well-coordinated, patient-centric cancer care within the complex healthcare landscape.